Rules of Narration

Narration কাকে বলে?  কত প্রকার ও কি কি?

একজন বক্তার বক্তব্য ব্যক্ত করার উপায়কে narration বলে ।

The way of reporting the speech of a speaker is called narration.

একজন বক্তার বক্তব্য প্রধাণতঃ দুই উপায়ে ব্যক্ত হয়ে থাকেঃ 

1. Direct Speech
2. Indirect Speech (Sometime called Reported Speech)

• Direct Speech: 

Direct Speech হল বক্তার দ্বারা বলা হুবহু বক্তব্য যা quotation mark বা উদ্ধতি চিহ্নের মধ্যে থাকে।

Direct speech is the exact speech said be the speaker which is put within quotation marks.

Example: 

• He said to his friend, "I like sweets very much."

Direct speech এর মধ্যে দুটি অংশ থাকঃ

• Reporting Speech 
• Reported Speech

একটি comma (,) এবং দুটি  Inverted comma ("")  এই অংশ দুটিকে একে অপর থেকে পৃথক করে।

I. Reporting Speech: 
Reporting Speech হল Inverted comma-র বাইরের অংশ অর্থাৎ comma-র আগের অংশ।

এখানে দুটি পক্ষ জড়িত থাকে, বক্তা এবং সে যাকে বলছে.।

উপরের উদাহরণে, He said to his friend, হল reporting speech.

Reporting speech is the part which is outside the inverted commas, i.e., the part before the comma. It involves two parties the reporter and to whome s/he is reporting.

II. Reported Speech: 

Reported Speech হল Inverted comma-র মধ্যকার অংশ.।

Reported Speech is the part which is within the inverted commas.

উদাহরণে, "I like sweets very much."হল  reported speech

Indirect Speech: 

Indirect speech, যা reported speech নামেও পরিচিত, তা হল বক্তার বক্তব্যের সারাংশ যা অন্য কেউ ব্যক্ত করে 

Indirect speech, also known as reported speech, is the substance of the speaker's speech given by someone clse.

Example: 

ধরুন উপরের উদাহরণে, Indirect speech 

• He told his friend that the liked sweets very much.

Indirect speech or reported speech-এর নিম্নোক্ত বিষয়গুলা লক্ষ করা যায়ঃ

কোন inverted comma ব্যবহার হয়না,reporting speech  এবং reported speech একে অপরের সাথে conjunction যেমনঃ 'that', 'if', or 'whether' প্রভৃতি দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে | No inverted commas are used, reporting speech and reported speech are joined withe each other be conjuctions like 'that', 'if,' or whether' etc.

• Reporting speech এবং  reported speech এর মাঝে কোন comma থাকেনা |

Reporting speech and reported speech have no comma between them.

• Full stop বা  Period sing ব্যবহার হয় প্রশ্নবোধক বিস্ময়বোধক পরিবতে
• Reporting speech-এর tense আগের মতই থাকবে

the tense of reporting speech is the same as before.

• Interrogative,exclamatory, operative এবং  imperative sentence-কে assertive sentence-এ পরিণত হয় |

 Interrogative, exclamatory, operative and imperative sentence are converted to the assartive sentence.

• Reported speech-এর tense, reporting speech-এর  tense-কে অনুসরণ করে 

Tense of reported speech follows the tense of reportng speech.

• Reportng verb, reported speech অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয় । উপরের উদাহরণে, told একটি reporting verb, এবং  liked একটি  reported verb | Sentence- ধরন অনুযায়ী বিভিন্ন ধরনের   reporting verb ব্যবহার হয় । যেমনঃ asked , offered , promised ইত্যাদি।

Reporting verb is changed according ot the reported speech. In the above example, told is a reporting verb and liked is a reported verb. Diffterent reporting verbs are used on the basis of the type of sentence. Such as , asked , offered, promised, etc.

• Reported speech-এর pronoun SON নামের একটি  নিয়মে পরিবর্তিত হয়, যেখানে,  S=Subject, O=Object এবং  N= No change । এই নিয়ম অনুযায়ী , first person reporting verb-এর subject হিসেবে পরিবর্তিত হয় ;  second person reporting verb-এর  object হিসেবে পরিবরতিত হয় এবং  third person-এর ক্ষেত্রে কোন পরিবর্তন হয়না ।

The ponoun of reported speech is changed according to a rule called SON where, S=Subject, O=Object and N=No change. According to this rule. the first person is changed to the subject of reporting verb; the second person is changed to the object of reporting verb, and in case of the third person, there is no change.

• Direct speech-এর  abverb-গুলোর  পরিবর্তন করা হয় ।

The abverbs of the direct speech are changed.

• Have to change in Speech:

1. Tense (কাল)
2. Person (পুর‍ুষ)
3. Word (শব্দ)

Changing of Tense:

• Direct বাক্যে RV তে say says (v1) থাকলে RS এর  tense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না ।

 He says to me "I am doctor "

He tells me that he is a doctor.

• Direct বাক্যে  RS এ যদি চিরন্তন সত্য, অভ্যাসগত করম, কোন বিখ্যাত উক্তি থাকে তাহলে RS এর  tense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না ।

 Teacher said to me "Honesty is the best policy"

Teacher told me that honesty is the best policy.

• Direct বাক্যে RS তে যদি said  থাকে তাহলেই  Tense এর পরিবর্তন করা যাবে। পরিবর্তনটি নিম্নরূপঃ

Direct

Indirect

Present indefinite	Past indefinite
Present Continuous	Past continuous
Present perfect	Past perfect
Present perfect	Past perfect Continuous
Past indefinite	Past perfect
Past continuous	Past perfect continuous
Shall/will	Should /would
Can / may	Could / might
Should / would	Should have / would have
Could /might	Could have/ might have

Changing of Person:

• RS এ first person থাকলে তা RV এর  subject অনুসারে পরিবরতন হবে।

He said to me "I will help you"

He told me that he would help him.

• RS এ second person থাকলে তা  RV এর  object অনুসারে পরিবর্তন হবে।

Ila said to me "You are looking dishing today.

Ila told me that I was looking dashing that day.

• RSএ third person থাকলে তার কোন পরিবর্তন নাই। 

Mridul said to Nidul "She was a beauty"

Mridul told Nidul that she was a beauty.

Changing Word:

Direct	Indirect
this	that
Today	That day
To night	That night
Yesterday	The previous day
Last + word	The previous + word
Next day	The following day
Next + word	The following word
Tomorrow	The following day

Come	Go
Hence	Thence
here	there

Sentence Narration

Assertive Sentence

Sub + Rv→ tell/told + objective + (“”) →that + sub + verb + obj.

He said to me "I play cricket last week"

He told me that he played cricket the previous week.

Interrogate sentence  

Sub + Rv → ask / asked + obj + (“”) → if / whether / wh Qw + Sub + verb + object.

He said to me "which book do you want?"

He asked me which book I wanted.

Imperative sentence 

Sub + Rv → Order / advise / request + forbid + obj (if any) + (“”) → to + v1 + obj.

Teacher said to me "Open the door"

Teacher ordered me to open the door.

Subject + Rv → propose / suggest + object + (V+ ing) + obj.

He said to me "let's go for a picnic"

He proposed me gonig for a picnic.

Sub + Rv→ tell / told + obj + (“”) → that + sub + might + v1 + obj.

He said to me "Let him do the sum"

He told me that he might do the sum.

Optative sentence 

Sub + Rv→ pray / wish + obj + (“”) → that + sub + might + obj.

Shanu said to me "May Allah bless you"

Shanu Prayed me that Allah might help me.

Exclamatory sentence 

Sub+ Rv→ exclaim with joy / sorrow / wonder + obj + (“”) → sub+ verb + obj.

Rabib said "what a nice morning"

Rabib exclamed with wonder that it was a nice morning.

Passage Narration:  

• প্রথমে, সম্পূর্ণ  Passage টি পড়ে বক্তা এবং শ্রোতাকে চিহ্নিত করতে হবে। তার পরে তাদের উক্তিগুলোর ক্রিয়ার ধরণ বুঝতে হবে।
• Example:
• "Will you come with me?" said Pria to Ria. "I will come" Said Ria.(Direct)
• Pria asked Ria if she would come withe her. Ria replied that she would come.(Indirect)

• যখন reporting verb sentence-এর মাঝে বা শেষে থাকে তবে একে Indirect করতে তাকে sentence-এর শুরুতে subject-এর পরে বসাতে হবে।
• Example:
• "Where do you live?" said Tina."I live at Dhanmondi.",said Disha.(Direct)
• Tina asked Rina where she lived. Disha replied that she lived at Dhanmondi.(Indirect)