Exercises of Narration/ Speech (Sentence Narration)

 Exercises on Narration/ Speech (Sentence Narration)

1. Tamal said to me, "I will take lunch next hour".
2. Hasib said to Nayan, "Did you take your medicine?"
3. Devika said to me, "Can you help me?"
4. Arman said to Anik, "Let's play football".
5. Arisha said, "What a nice place Bandarban is!"
6. Hridoy says to her, "I lost my watch yesterday".
7. The teacher said to the students, "Do you know honesty is the best policy?"
8. Malia said to her parents, "I will make you proud one day".
9. Mothers said to children, "Do not go to school today as it is a rainy day"
10. Radha said, "Wow! I got the passport at last!"
11. Moeen said to Raiyan, "Would you shut up the door?".
12. Kriya said to Russel, "The Sun rises in the east and set in the west".
13. Amanee said to Tuli, "Where are you living now?"
14. I said to Hussain, "Long live your parents".
15. Asif says to Arman, "Drop the matter here".
16. The Principal said to the students, "Come to college yesterday".
17. Abir said to Sabbir, "Hurrah! We have won the game".
18. Kamal said to Rashed, "When did you come to Dhaka?"
19. Tithi said to me, "I am reading in honors the first year".
20. Kaouser sir said to the students, "Our Coaching will be off tomorrow".

Answer Sheet:

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Active to Passive Exercise

 Active to Passive Exercises (15 Exercises) 

1. Shawon drives the car.
2. He has done the job.
3. People love the country.
4. I shall go to London.
5. She has written the letter.
6. We select him as our leader. 
7. Bangladesh is the daughter of nature.
8. He put on a redshirt.
9. We are playing cricket.
10. We shall be going to Dhaka.
11. Moumita wrote the letter.
12. We found him.
13. We know him.
14. It feels better today.
15. We need to do hard work.

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Gap Filling with Clues: (Special Use)

যখন কোন ব্যক্তি বা জন্তু তাদের মায়ের দেহ থেকে না ডিম থেকে জন্মগ্রহণ করে তখন be born হয়।

Structure: Subject +be +born............

Example: Fifty lambs were born this spring. 

Have to / has to/ have got to / has got to / had to: 

 

 কোন ব্যক্তিকে কোন কিছু করতে হবে বুঝালে have to/ has to...... ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

Structure: Subject +have to /has to ........+main verb এর base form.

Example: I have to go.

 

Would rather: 

 কেউ কোন কিছুকে অন্যকিছু থেকে পেতে না করতে অধিকতর পছন্দ করলে Would rather বসে।

Structure 1 : Subject +would rather +v1 +than +v1.

Example: I ......... starve than beg. (Would rather)

Structure 2 : Subject +would rather +v1 +1st noun +than +2nd noun.

Example : I.............drink coffee than tea. (would rather)

 

Had better:

  উপদেশ দিতে had better বসে।

Structure 1 : Subject + had better + v1.......

Structure 2 : Subject + had better (not) + v1

Example : It's raining. You had better carry an umbrella.

 

Let alone: 

Let alone এর অর্থ হলো দূরের কথা। যেহেতু কোন ব্যক্তি পক্ষে কোন কাজ করা সম্ভব নয়, সেহেতু তার কাছে কোন কঠিন কাজ প্রত্যাশা করা যায় না ।

Structure : Sub + negative verb+........+let alone +Noun / noun phrase.

Example: You cannot get D grade, Let alone 'A' grade.

Structure 2 : Sub + negative verb + Let alone + verb ......

Example: The old man cannot walk, let alone run.

 

What if : 

What if - এর অর্থ হলো তাহলে কি হবে। ভবিষ্যত কোন কিছু ঘটতে পারে ঝাতে what if ব্যবহার হয়।

Example : What if the train is late?

 

As if/ as though: 

আমরা কোন কিছু সম্ভব বিশ্বাস বঝাতে as if ব্যবহার হয়।

Structure 1 : Sub +simple past +as if/ as though + sub +simple past.

Structure 2 : Sub +simple past + as if / as though + sub + past perfect 

Example: a) He orders me  as if I were his servant 

b) He behaved as if he had known everything.

 

As soon as : 

As soon as এর অর্থ হলো খবু সংক্ষিপ্ত  সময়ের পর। 

Structure : As soon as + sub + main verb .... + sub + main + verb .....

Example : As soon as he got the news, he left the place.

 

What is............ Like?

 তোমার নিকট কোন জিনিস না ব্যক্তির বর্ণনা দিতে কাউকে  জিজ্ঞাসা করতে What is......... like? ব্যবহার করা হয় ।

Structure : What is he/ she/ the girl / the weather like?

Example: What is the book like?

 

What does...... Look like?

 কোন ব্যক্তির/ বস্তুর দেনিক চেহেরা সম্পর্কে প্রশ্ন করার জন্য এটি ব্যবহার করা হয়। 

Structure: What does he/ she look like?

Example: What does the girl look like?

 

Lest: 

Lest শব্দটি এই ভয় হয় যে প্রকাশ করতে ব্যবহার হয়ে থাকে।

  Structure: Verb......+Lest +sub + should / might + v1 

Example: Read attentively lest you should / might fail the exam 

 

It is time / It is high time: 

   কোন কাজ করার উপযুক্ত  সময় পার হয়ে গেছে এবং আর দেরি করা ঠিক হবেনা বুঝাতে It is time / It is high time বসে।

Structure: It is time / high time + sub + v2....

Example: It high time you entered the hall.

I wish / I fancy / I like / would that / oh that : 

এগুলো অপূর্ণ ইচ্ছা প্রকাশের ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Example: I wish I were a bird.

 

Unless:

যদি না অর্থে unless ব্যবহার করা হয়। ইহার পর বাক্যের গঠণ  Affirmative হয়।

  Example:  Unless you work hard, you will not succeed in life.

 

Until

কোন নিরদিষ্ট সময় পর্যন্ত কিছু ঘটলে until  ব্যবহার হয়।

Example: Wait here until I return.

 

Used to

Used to অর্থ হলো অভ্যস্ত  Used to এর negative হলো  used not to / usedn't toএবং এর  interrogative   হলো used to you / he / they.

Example: He used to live in his boyhood.

 

 

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with suitable phrase/words given in the box. Mirzapur Cadet College 

What if	What does… look	like Let alone	there
Have to	What’s it like	As soon as	Would rather

 Was born

Have better

 (a)The majority of the people in Bangladesh are free from Arsenic. They -----use arsenic – free water to save themselves from it. (b)-----was a king who lost his kingdom defeated by his enemies. He wished to regain his kingdom at any cost. (c)Student: Sir,-----the statue of liberty -----? (d)Bangladesh has won at least one match against almost all test playing countries in ODI. The players -----try to win the World Cup Cricket. (e)George Bernard Shaw----- in a poor family. He first worked as a clerk for Dublin state Agent. When he started writing, he quite job. (f)Our school has two sessions a day. -----the first session ends, the second session starts. (g)Mr. Sift is the owner of a mango orchard. But he never allows his friends and relatives to visit the orchard,-----entertains them with sweet mangoes. (h)Robert Bruce was inspired by a spider. -----he didn‟t take shelter in a cave? He fought against the enemies for the seventh time and has his lost kingdom. (I)-----knowing and selling more? It is interesting because the curiosity to know more eventually results in epoch-making discoveries and inventions. (j)Televisions has a great educative value. The authority-----telecast educative programme than harmful noes.

 

 2. Complete the sentences with suitable phrase/words given in the box Rajshahi Cadet College

Would rather	What’s it like	As soon as	Let alone	there
Have to	As if	it	Have to	Was born

 (a)He treats me-----I were his younger brother. Actually he is one of my distant relatives. (b)Nasim is daughter of poor parents. She has no private tutor. So she-----study hard. (c)-----was a stormy night. It was raining also. I passed the night totally alone in the hostel (d)I cannot ride a motorbike, ----- a car. I have no money to buy any these two things. (e)Victor Hugo was a French novelist and dramatist. He -----in 1802. (f)Salma: -----a kangaroo---? Mita: Sorry my friend. I have no idea about kangaroo. I have never seen it. (g)Today is holiday.-----going to visit the zoo. (h) Your parents are bearing your educational expenses with great difficulty. But you are not attentive to your study.-----you fail in the exam. (I)-----flows a river by our village. We often swim in the river. (j)You-----cross the river at this moment. The river is very clam now.

 

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Kinds of Sentences

Kinds of Sentences

Sentence can be classified five categories, according to their meaning or function

অর্থ বা কাজের ওপর ভিত্তি করে ইংরেজিতে Sentence কে সাধারণত পাচ ভাগ করা যায়।

They are:

1. Assertive Sentence.
2. Interrogative Sentence.
3. Imperative Sentence.
4. Operative Sentence.
5. Exclamatory Sentence.

Assertive Sentence

An assertive sentence is a simple/general statement or assertion, either affirmative or negative. 

কোনো সাধারণ বিবৃতি বা বক্তব্যকে Assertive sentence (বিবৃতি মূলক বাক্য) বলে। 

Pattern: 

Subject +verb +object/complement /adverb/adjective.

Example: 

-English is an Intemational Language.(Affirmative)

-We do not do badthings.(Negative)

-Everybody should know English. (Model auxiliaries)

Interrogative Sentence

An interrogative sentence asks question about a person or thing(s). It always ends with a note of interrogation /question mark(?)

There are two ways to from an  interrogative sentence.

I. Beginning with helping verbs ( am is are was  were have has had) or modal auxiliaries (shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, etc.)

 

Example: 

Do you have your assignment ready?

Dose he speak English?

Did she work abroad?

should I go there?

Can you hear the sound?

II. Beginning with some specific words like who, which, what, when, where, why, how, whom, how much, how many, etc. [These are known as 'Wh' questions.]  

Example: 

-How is your business going on?

-Who fixed the computer?

-Whom do you support?

-What are you expecting from me?

-How many people have died there?

-What time is it now?

Imperative Sentence :

A sentence that express a request, order, advice, suggestion, etc. is an imperative-sentence. In an imperative sentence, the subject is usually unexpressed; it is understood rather.

Pattern: 

Subject (Invisible)+verb+object/where

Example: 

-Take care of you.

-Give me the pen.

-Do it now.

-Be honest.

-Come here

-Never tell a lie.

-Do not laugh at other's helplessness.

-Let him go there.

Optative Sentence: 

Wish, desire, prayer, etc. are expressed by the Optative sentence.

Pattern:

May+Assertive.

Example: 

-May you live long.

-May Allah bless you.

-Wish you all the best.

-Long live Bangladesh. (Can be formed without 'may')

 Exclamatory  Sentence : 

Exclamatory is a sentence which expresses strong/sudden feeling or emotion like surprise, pain, delight, anger, disgust, etc.

Pattern:

Alas/Hurrah/Bravo/what/How etc. +Others

Example:

-Hurrah! Our cricket team has won the series.

-Alas He has failed the competition.

-Bravo! You have done a great job.

-What a talented girl she is!

-How sweetly the cuckoo sings!

-What a wonderful land Bangladesh is!

Were I a Super Hero!

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Tag Question Rules

Tag question করার নিয়মঃ

কথা বলার সময় বক্তা শ্রোতার স্বীকৃতি বা সমর্থন চেয়ে sentence এর শেষে যে সংক্ষিপ্ত প্রশ্ন জুড়ে দেয় তাকে  Tag question বলে।

Operator 24 টি 

am, is, are, was, were. have, has, had, shall. can. could. may, must, should. would. ought. dare. need, used, do, did, does cte.

Subejct 9 ti

I, we, you, he, they, it, that, there,

Nagative 11 ti

No, not, never, neither, few, scarcely, hardly, rarely. barely. little.

A.V এর Neg. এ পরিবর্তনঃ

do+not=don't

does+not=doesn't

did+not=didn't

am+not=aren't/ain't

is+not=isn't

are+not =aren't

was+not = wasn't

were+not = weren't

have+not = haven't 

has+not = hasn't

had+not = hadn't

can+not = can't

could+not = couldn't

shall+not = shan't

should+not = shouldn't

will+not = won't

may+not = mayn't

might+not = mightn't

must+not = mustn'

Tag question এ উপরের ১১টি negative শব্দ এর মধ্যে যে কোন একটি থাকলে শুধুমাত্র Operator  হবে। negative শব্দ না থাকলে Operatior এর সাথে n't যোগ হবে।
Tag question এর গঠন।
Operator Subject?
For Example:
We are writing aren't we?
You can not see it. can you?

যত thing/যত ইতর প্রাণী/ যত বস্তু বাচক-------it
 যত body/যত one/যত plaural------they

Tag question এর গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Rules
Rule-1 প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যের (interrogative Sentence) Tag হয় না।
Rule-2 Tag এর Subject সব সময়ই pronoun হয়।
Rule-3 Complex Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে Principal Clause এর  Tag হয়।
a) Formal English এ Question Tag এ Negative interrogative এর Full form হতে পারে কিন্তু আমরা তা ব্যবহার কবর না।
যেমনঃ They promised to pay the money, did they not?
 
 b( প্রদও  বাক্যটি লিখে নিচে কমা দিতে হবে  এবং Tag করে শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন দিতে হয়।

Rule of making Tag
1. প্রদও হ্যাঁ বোধক বাক্যের  auxiliary verb হিসেবে is, are, was, have, has, had, shall, will, can,  may, could, might, wound, should, must প্রভৃতি থাকলে  Tag করতে ওই verb গুলোর Negative এর সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপ বসাতে হয়।

Example:

a. Birds can fly, can't they?

b. She is doing her lesson, isn’t she?

2. প্রদও হ্যাঁ বোধক বাক্যের auxiliary গুলো main verb হিসেবে ব্যবহার হলেও ওপরের নিময়েই Negative verb এর সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপ বসাতে হয়। 

a. You are tired,  aren't you?

b. Tamim was right, wasn’t?    

    

 

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Rules of Narration

Narration কাকে বলে?  কত প্রকার ও কি কি?

একজন বক্তার বক্তব্য ব্যক্ত করার উপায়কে narration বলে ।

The way of reporting the speech of a speaker is called narration.

একজন বক্তার বক্তব্য প্রধাণতঃ দুই উপায়ে ব্যক্ত হয়ে থাকেঃ 

1. Direct Speech
2. Indirect Speech (Sometime called Reported Speech)

• Direct Speech: 

Direct Speech হল বক্তার দ্বারা বলা হুবহু বক্তব্য যা quotation mark বা উদ্ধতি চিহ্নের মধ্যে থাকে।

Direct speech is the exact speech said be the speaker which is put within quotation marks.

Example: 

• He said to his friend, "I like sweets very much."

Direct speech এর মধ্যে দুটি অংশ থাকঃ

• Reporting Speech 
• Reported Speech

একটি comma (,) এবং দুটি  Inverted comma ("")  এই অংশ দুটিকে একে অপর থেকে পৃথক করে।

I. Reporting Speech: 
Reporting Speech হল Inverted comma-র বাইরের অংশ অর্থাৎ comma-র আগের অংশ।

এখানে দুটি পক্ষ জড়িত থাকে, বক্তা এবং সে যাকে বলছে.।

উপরের উদাহরণে, He said to his friend, হল reporting speech.

Reporting speech is the part which is outside the inverted commas, i.e., the part before the comma. It involves two parties the reporter and to whome s/he is reporting.

II. Reported Speech: 

Reported Speech হল Inverted comma-র মধ্যকার অংশ.।

Reported Speech is the part which is within the inverted commas.

উদাহরণে, "I like sweets very much."হল  reported speech

Indirect Speech: 

Indirect speech, যা reported speech নামেও পরিচিত, তা হল বক্তার বক্তব্যের সারাংশ যা অন্য কেউ ব্যক্ত করে 

Indirect speech, also known as reported speech, is the substance of the speaker's speech given by someone clse.

Example: 

ধরুন উপরের উদাহরণে, Indirect speech 

• He told his friend that the liked sweets very much.

Indirect speech or reported speech-এর নিম্নোক্ত বিষয়গুলা লক্ষ করা যায়ঃ

কোন inverted comma ব্যবহার হয়না,reporting speech  এবং reported speech একে অপরের সাথে conjunction যেমনঃ 'that', 'if', or 'whether' প্রভৃতি দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে | No inverted commas are used, reporting speech and reported speech are joined withe each other be conjuctions like 'that', 'if,' or whether' etc.

• Reporting speech এবং  reported speech এর মাঝে কোন comma থাকেনা |

Reporting speech and reported speech have no comma between them.

• Full stop বা  Period sing ব্যবহার হয় প্রশ্নবোধক বিস্ময়বোধক পরিবতে
• Reporting speech-এর tense আগের মতই থাকবে

the tense of reporting speech is the same as before.

• Interrogative,exclamatory, operative এবং  imperative sentence-কে assertive sentence-এ পরিণত হয় |

 Interrogative, exclamatory, operative and imperative sentence are converted to the assartive sentence.

• Reported speech-এর tense, reporting speech-এর  tense-কে অনুসরণ করে 

Tense of reported speech follows the tense of reportng speech.

• Reportng verb, reported speech অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয় । উপরের উদাহরণে, told একটি reporting verb, এবং  liked একটি  reported verb | Sentence- ধরন অনুযায়ী বিভিন্ন ধরনের   reporting verb ব্যবহার হয় । যেমনঃ asked , offered , promised ইত্যাদি।

Reporting verb is changed according ot the reported speech. In the above example, told is a reporting verb and liked is a reported verb. Diffterent reporting verbs are used on the basis of the type of sentence. Such as , asked , offered, promised, etc.

• Reported speech-এর pronoun SON নামের একটি  নিয়মে পরিবর্তিত হয়, যেখানে,  S=Subject, O=Object এবং  N= No change । এই নিয়ম অনুযায়ী , first person reporting verb-এর subject হিসেবে পরিবর্তিত হয় ;  second person reporting verb-এর  object হিসেবে পরিবরতিত হয় এবং  third person-এর ক্ষেত্রে কোন পরিবর্তন হয়না ।

The ponoun of reported speech is changed according to a rule called SON where, S=Subject, O=Object and N=No change. According to this rule. the first person is changed to the subject of reporting verb; the second person is changed to the object of reporting verb, and in case of the third person, there is no change.

• Direct speech-এর  abverb-গুলোর  পরিবর্তন করা হয় ।

The abverbs of the direct speech are changed.

• Have to change in Speech:

1. Tense (কাল)
2. Person (পুর‍ুষ)
3. Word (শব্দ)

Changing of Tense:

• Direct বাক্যে RV তে say says (v1) থাকলে RS এর  tense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না ।

 He says to me "I am doctor "

He tells me that he is a doctor.

• Direct বাক্যে  RS এ যদি চিরন্তন সত্য, অভ্যাসগত করম, কোন বিখ্যাত উক্তি থাকে তাহলে RS এর  tense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না ।

 Teacher said to me "Honesty is the best policy"

Teacher told me that honesty is the best policy.

• Direct বাক্যে RS তে যদি said  থাকে তাহলেই  Tense এর পরিবর্তন করা যাবে। পরিবর্তনটি নিম্নরূপঃ

Direct

Indirect

Present indefinite	Past indefinite
Present Continuous	Past continuous
Present perfect	Past perfect
Present perfect	Past perfect Continuous
Past indefinite	Past perfect
Past continuous	Past perfect continuous
Shall/will	Should /would
Can / may	Could / might
Should / would	Should have / would have
Could /might	Could have/ might have

Changing of Person:

• RS এ first person থাকলে তা RV এর  subject অনুসারে পরিবরতন হবে।

He said to me "I will help you"

He told me that he would help him.

• RS এ second person থাকলে তা  RV এর  object অনুসারে পরিবর্তন হবে।

Ila said to me "You are looking dishing today.

Ila told me that I was looking dashing that day.

• RSএ third person থাকলে তার কোন পরিবর্তন নাই। 

Mridul said to Nidul "She was a beauty"

Mridul told Nidul that she was a beauty.

Changing Word:

Direct	Indirect
this	that
Today	That day
To night	That night
Yesterday	The previous day
Last + word	The previous + word
Next day	The following day
Next + word	The following word
Tomorrow	The following day

Come	Go
Hence	Thence
here	there

Sentence Narration

Assertive Sentence

Sub + Rv→ tell/told + objective + (“”) →that + sub + verb + obj.

He said to me "I play cricket last week"

He told me that he played cricket the previous week.

Interrogate sentence  

Sub + Rv → ask / asked + obj + (“”) → if / whether / wh Qw + Sub + verb + object.

He said to me "which book do you want?"

He asked me which book I wanted.

Imperative sentence 

Sub + Rv → Order / advise / request + forbid + obj (if any) + (“”) → to + v1 + obj.

Teacher said to me "Open the door"

Teacher ordered me to open the door.

Subject + Rv → propose / suggest + object + (V+ ing) + obj.

He said to me "let's go for a picnic"

He proposed me gonig for a picnic.

Sub + Rv→ tell / told + obj + (“”) → that + sub + might + v1 + obj.

He said to me "Let him do the sum"

He told me that he might do the sum.

Optative sentence 

Sub + Rv→ pray / wish + obj + (“”) → that + sub + might + obj.

Shanu said to me "May Allah bless you"

Shanu Prayed me that Allah might help me.

Exclamatory sentence 

Sub+ Rv→ exclaim with joy / sorrow / wonder + obj + (“”) → sub+ verb + obj.

Rabib said "what a nice morning"

Rabib exclamed with wonder that it was a nice morning.

Passage Narration:  

• প্রথমে, সম্পূর্ণ  Passage টি পড়ে বক্তা এবং শ্রোতাকে চিহ্নিত করতে হবে। তার পরে তাদের উক্তিগুলোর ক্রিয়ার ধরণ বুঝতে হবে।
• Example:
• "Will you come with me?" said Pria to Ria. "I will come" Said Ria.(Direct)
• Pria asked Ria if she would come withe her. Ria replied that she would come.(Indirect)

• যখন reporting verb sentence-এর মাঝে বা শেষে থাকে তবে একে Indirect করতে তাকে sentence-এর শুরুতে subject-এর পরে বসাতে হবে।
• Example:
• "Where do you live?" said Tina."I live at Dhanmondi.",said Disha.(Direct)
• Tina asked Rina where she lived. Disha replied that she lived at Dhanmondi.(Indirect)

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